English Literature — Focus: close reading of 2–3 texts, literary analysis. Key databases: JSTOR, Project MUSE. Use author biography and historical context sparingly — analysis is primary.

World Literature — EEs in translation require engagement with both the translated and original text where possible. Discuss translation choices as part of your analysis.

History — Must use primary sources (archival documents, speeches, photographs, eyewitness accounts). Secondary sources provide historiographical context. Avoid a purely narrative approach.

Economics — Must use real economic data. Apply economic theory (micro/macro/development) to real-world case studies. Key sources: World Bank, IMF, OECD, peer-reviewed economics journals.

Geography — Fieldwork and primary data collection are common and valued. Key sources: UN Environment Programme, national GIS databases, IPCC reports for environmental topics.

Psychology — Follow the scientific report structure (Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion). Must include ethical considerations. Use peer-reviewed journals: Psychological Science, PLOS ONE.

Biology — Experimental design is essential. Must include a control, independent/dependent/controlled variables, statistical analysis, and discussion of biological significance.

Chemistry — Lab-based EEs: include full methodology, safety considerations, raw data tables, processed data with uncertainties. Computational EEs: explain and justify your modelling choices.

Physics — Quantitative analysis required. Use Logger Pro or similar for data collection. Apply relevant physics theory to explain your results. Error analysis is essential.

Mathematics — Must extend beyond the DP syllabus. Exploration of a mathematical concept, proof, or application. Avoid pure calculation — analysis and generalisation earn marks.